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- David Yu
- Ewrt1b
- 10-30-94
-
- Cruelty
-
- In Joseph Conrad's book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization,
- overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind. Conrad develops
- themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice. His book has all the
- trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected
- attack. The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo.
- Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the
- story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. Conrad's voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific,
- and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery. By the time
- Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional. The
- African venture figured as his descent into hell. He returned ravaged by the illness and mental
- disruption which undermined his health for the remaining years of his life. Marlow's journey into
- the Congo, like Conrad's journey, was also meaningful. Marlow experienced the violent threat of
- nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness.
- We have noticed that important motives in Heart of Darkness connect the white men with
- the Africans. Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress
- and light to "darkest Africa" have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European
- social orders; they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways.
-
- "Thrown upon their own inner spiritual resources they may be utterly damned by their
- greed, their sloth, and their hypocrisy into moral insignificance, as were the pilgrims, or
- they may be so corrupt by their absolute power over the Africans that some Marlow will
- need to lay their memory among the 'dead Cats of Civilization.'" (Conrad 105.)
- The supposed purpose of the Europeans traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives. Instead
- they colonized on the native's land and corrupted the natives.
-
- "Africans bound with thongs that contracted in the rain and cut to the bone, had their
- swollen hands beaten with rifle butts until they fell off. Chained slaves were forced to
- drink the white man's defecation, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were
- lined up behind each other and shot with one cartridge , wounded prisoners were eaten by
- maggots till they die and were then thrown to starving dogs or devoured by cannibal
- tribes." (Meyers 100.)
- Conrad's "Diary" substantiated the accuracy of the conditions described in Heart of Darkness: the
- chain gangs, the grove of death, the payment in brass rods, the cannibalism and the human skulls
- on the fence posts. Conrad did not exaggerate or invent the horrors that provided the political and
- humanitarian basis for his attack on colonialism. The Europeans took the natives' land away from
- them by force. They burned their towns, stole their property, and enslaved them. George
- Washington Williams stated in his diary,
-
- "Mr. Stanley was supposed to have made treaties with more than four hundred native
- Kings and Chiefs, by which they surrendered their rights to the soil. And yet many of
- these people declare that they never made a treaty with Stanley, or any other white man;
- their lands have been taken away from them by force, and they suffer the greatest wrongs
- at the hands of the Belgians." (Conrad 87.)
- Conrad saw intense greed in the Congo. The Europeans back home saw otherwise; they
- perceived that the tons of ivory and rubber being brought back home was a sign of orderly conduct
- in the Congo. Conrad's Heart of Darkness mentioned nothing about the trading of rubber. Conrad
- and Marlow did not care for ivory; they cared about the exploration into the "darkest Africa." A
- painting of a blindfolded woman carrying a lighted torch was discussed in the book. The
- background was dark, and the effect of the torch light on her face was sinister. The oil painting
- represents the blind and stupid ivory company, fraudulently letting people believe that besides the
- ivory they were taking out of the jungle, they were, at the same time, bringing light and progress to
- the jungle. Conrad mentioned in his diary that missions were set up to Christianize the natives.
- He did not include the missions into his book because the land was forcibly taken away from the
- natives, thus bringing in a church does not help if the natives have no will. Supplies brought in the
- country were left outdoors and abandoned, and a brick maker who made no bricks, lights up the
- fact that the Europeans do not care to help the natives progress. When Marlow reached the first
- station, he saw what used to be tools and supplies, that were to help progress the land, laid in waste
- upon the ground.
-
- "I came upon a boiler wallowing in the grass, then found a path leading up the hill. It
- turned aside for the boulders and also for an undersized railway truck lying there on its
- back with its wheels in the air.... I came upon more pieces of decaying machinery, a stack
- of rust rails.... No change appeared on the face of the rock. They were building a railway.
- The cliff was not in the way of anything, but this objectless blasting was all the work going
- on." (Conrad 19.)
- George Washington Williams wrote in his diary that three and a half years passed by, but not one
- mile of road bed or train tracks was made.
- "One's cruelty is one's power; and when one parts with one's cruelty, one parts
- with one's power," says William Congreve, author of The Way of the World. (Tripp 206.) The
- Europeans forcibly took away the natives' land and then enslaved them. All the examples given are
- part of one enormous idea of cruelty - cruelty that the European white men believe because its
- victims are helpless. These are mystical revelations of man's dark self.
-
- 1. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness: Backgrounds and Criticisms. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
- 1960.
-
- 2. Meyers, Jeffrey. Joseph Conrad. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
-
- 3. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton
- Critical, 1988.
-
- 4. Williams, George Washington. [A Report upon the Congo - State and Country to the President
- of the Republic of the United States of America.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed.
- Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. 87.
-
- 5. Tripp, Rhoda Thomas. Thesaurus of Quotations. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970.
-